Computers In Math Essays - Computer Arithmetic, Binary Arithmetic

Computers in Math Ever since the first computer was developed in the early 1900's the computer has been using math to solve most of it's problems. The Arithmetic and Logical unit helps the computer solve some of these problems. All type of math can be solved on computer's which it uses. Binary Arithmetic A computer understands two states: on and off, high and low, and so on. Complex instructions can be written as a combination of these two states. To represent these two conditions mathematically, we can use the digits 1 and 0. Some simple mathematical operations, such as addition and subtraction, as well as the two's complement subtraction procedure used by most computer's. Evaluating an Algebraic Function It is frequently necessary to evaluate an expression, such as the one below, for several values of x. y= 6x4+4x3-5x2+6x+4 First to start with developing the power's of x to perform the necessary multiplications by the coefficients, and finally produce the sum. The following steps are the way the computer "thinks" when it is calculating the equation. 1.Select x 2.Multiply x by x and store x2 3.Multiply x2 by x and store x3 4.Multiply x3 by x and store x4 5.Multiply x by 6 and store 6x 6.Multiply stored x2 by 5 and store 5x2 7.Multiply stored x3 by 4 and store 4x3 8.Multiply stored x4 by 6 and store 6x4 9.Add 6x4 10.Add 4x3 11.Subtract 5x3 12.Add 6x 13.Add 4 Binary Coded Decimal One of the most convenient conversions of decimal to binary coded decimal's is used today in present day computer's. BCD(Binary Coded Decimal) is a combination of binary and decimal; that is each separate decimal digit is represented in binary form. For example the chart below represents the Binary and Decimal conversions. Decimal Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 BCD uses one of the above binary representations for each decimal digit of a given numeral. Each decimal digit is handled separately. For example, the decimal 28 in binary is as follows: (28)10 = (11100)2 The arrangement in BCD is as follows: 2 8 0010 1000 Each decimal digit is represented by a four-place binary number. Direct Binary Addition In binary arithmetic if one adds 1 and 1 the answer is 10. The answer is not the decimal 10. It is one zero. There are only two binary digits in the binary system. Therefore when one adds 1 and 1, one gets the 0 and a carry of 1 to give 10. Similarly, in the decimal system, 5 + 5 is equal to zero and a carry of 1. Here is an example of binary addition: column 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 I n column 1, 1+1=0 and a carry of 1. Column 2 now contains 1+1+1. This addition, 1+1=0 carry 1 and 0+1=1, is entered in the sum. Column 3 now also contains 1+1+1, which gives a carry of 1 to column 4. The answer to the next problem is found similarly. 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 + 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Direct Binary Subtraction Although binary numbers may be subtracted directly from each other, it is easier from a computer design standpoint to use another method of subtraction called two's complement subtraction. This will be illustrated next. However direct binary subtraction will be discussed. Direct Binary Subtraction is similar to decimal subtraction, except that when a borrow occurs, it complements the value of the number. Also that the value of the number of one depends on the column it is situated. The values increase according to the power series of 2: that is 20, 21,23, and so on, in columns 1, 2, 3 and so on. Hence, if you borrow from column 3 you are borrowing a decimal 4. ex column 3 2 1 1 1 0 - 1 0 1 0 0 1 In the example a borrow had to be made from column 2, which changed its value to 0 while putting decimal 2 (or binary 11) in column 1. Therefore, after the borrow the subtraction in column 1 involved 2-1=1; in column 2 we had 0-0=0; and in column 3 we had 1-1=0. If the next column contains

Free Essays on Theories Of Child Development As They Pertain To Middle Childhood And Adolescence

changes in behavior over time. The use of the word â€Å"development† implies just that; for the theory should describe, explain, and predict behaviors or mental processes over time. The five major developmental theories are the psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social learning, ethological, and ecological. This paper will summarize each of these theories and elucidate their relevance to middle childhood and adolescence. The psychoa... Free Essays on Theories Of Child Development As They Pertain To Middle Childhood And Adolescence Free Essays on Theories Of Child Development As They Pertain To Middle Childhood And Adolescence â€Å"†¦the trouble about arguments is, they ain’t nothing but theories, after all, and theories don’t prove nothing, they only give you a place to rest on, a spell, when you are tuckered out butting around and around trying to find out something there ain’t no way to find out†¦ There’s another trouble about theories: there’s always a hole in them somewhere, sure, if you look close enough.† -Tom Sawyer Abroad â€Å"It is theory that decides what can be observed.† -Albert Einstein Whether one believes Mark Twain’s fictional street smart character or the brilliant architect of the theory of relativity, it must be acknowledged that theories are a valuable way to think (and argue) about the world. For the scientific method of discovery, theories are essential. Theories are the starting point from which all systematic efforts can be directed for a theory is fundamental in the first step of the scientific method- conceptualizing the problem. Specifically, a theory is a set of interconnected statements that describe imperceptible, unobservable processes, events, or structures and relate them to each other and to observable events. In psychology, a theory provides general principles that help us to observe, explain, and predict behavior. In other words, it allows us to ask non trivial questions and to provide meaningful, interesting answers. There have been numerous theories that attempt to lay a framework of reference for examining changes in developm ent or in other words changes in behavior over time. The use of the word â€Å"development† implies just that; for the theory should describe, explain, and predict behaviors or mental processes over time. The five major developmental theories are the psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social learning, ethological, and ecological. This paper will summarize each of these theories and elucidate their relevance to middle childhood and adolescence. The psychoa...